Archaius, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2025 

     Submitted 20.12.2024 

 Published 15.02.2025     

Introduction

Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) in chameleons is a condition caused by calcium deficiency or altered calcium metabolism, leading to weakened bones and skeletal deformities. It often results from inadequate dietary calcium, insufficient UVB light (necessary for Vitamin D3 synthesis), or an improper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the diet (McWilliams & Leeson 2001; Nečas 1999; Hoby & al. 2010).

The main causes of MBD are:

1. Lack of UVB Light: Without UVB exposure, chameleons cannot synthesize Vitamin D3, which is crucial for calcium absorption.
2. Poor Nutrition: Inadequate calcium intake or an improper diet lacking essential nutrients.
3. High Phosphorus Levels: Excess phosphorus can interfere with calcium absorption.

Case Study

In April 2023, a report was made by a member of Kameleonplein, an active chameleon group on Facebook comprising members from the Netherlands and Belgium. The report detailed the sighting of a Chamaeleo calyptratus in a Belgian store, where it was found on the floor, exhibiting dark colors. Another group member promptly rescued the chameleon and transported it to the "Kameleon op Vakantie" shelter in the Netherlands.

The male calyptratus presented as very small, with all limbs displaying signs of distortion, and no bones appeared to be in physiological condition and shape. Additionally, the chameleon's helmet was notably deformed and undersized. Every experienced reptile keeper should have been able to recognize the critical condition of this creature, indicative of Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD).

To obtain a definitive diagnosis, it was necessary for the animal to be examined by a veterinarian. Upon examination, the veterinarian conducted X-rays, which clearly revealed signs of bone deformation, fractures, and regions lacking proper bone structure and bone density. The findings confirmed a severe case of MBD, leaving only the hope that appropriate treatment involving UV light and calcium supplementation could restore some degree of bone integrity; however, the rehabilitation process would be protracted. The veterinarian ensured that a comprehensive report was generated, which could be utilized as supporting evidence against the store and potentially raise public awareness regarding similar cases.

Treatment

The prophylaxis and treatment of MBD consist in fact from same measures (McWilliams & Leeson 2001; Hoby & al. 2010):

1. Proper UVB Lighting: Ensure chameleons receive adequate UVB light to synthesize Vitamin D3.

2. Balanced Diet: Provide a diet rich in calcium, including calcium-dusted, naturally gutloaded insects.

3. Calcium Supplements: Regularly dust food with a calcium supplement.

4. Veterinary Care: Consult a reptile veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Upon the chameleon's arrival at the shelter, a dedicated recovery space was established. The male Chamaeleo calyptratus was in a weakened state and was carefully placed in a large plastic box, which was subsequently located inside a secure screen cage for added safety. The enclosure simulated a natural environment, featuring a plants and several branches for the chameleon to explore. A reputable UV lighting system was employed, and the UV intensity was measured using a solarmeter to ensure optimal UVI was provided from all angles.

For the first week, the chameleon received a calcium supplement that included vitamin D3. Following this initial period, he was transitioned to plain calcium supplementation. Additionally, liquid calcium was administered via syringe, mixed with water, to enhance hydration levels and provide extra calcium. Throughout his recovery, he was continuously fed high-quality, gut-loaded insects, which were further enriched with bee pollen to ensure optimal nutrition.

To monitor his recovery and establish benchmarks for survival, a few critical criteria were defined. The chameleon should demonstrate the ability:

• to use his tongue for feeding without aid,

• of climbing independently, without falling down.

Stabilisation and improvement of his medical condition were paramount. If there would be no progress or if the chameleon's health deteriorated, humane euthanasia would be considered, ensuring he would not experience unnecessary suffering.

As the days and weeks progressed, significant improvements were observed. The chameleon regained strength, vibrant coloration returned, and he began to climb independently, shedding his skin multiple times. His tongue strength also increased. As of 2025, the chameleon has made remarkable progress. While he remains small and his limbs are still slightly bent, he has adapted to his environment, displaying the ability to climb and hunt independently. This journey was indeed worth fighting for, and today he enjoys his life at the shelter, which has become his permanent home.

Although the long-term implications of his condition remain uncertain, he has achieved a quality of life that is commendable for a chameleon, having reached nearly two years of age.

Conclusion

Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) can significantly impact a reptile's life, yet it is easily preventable with the appropriate UV lighting and calcium supplementation. It is heartbreaking to consider the suffering that this chameleon endured, and it is crucial to advocate for improved care standards. We must unite in the call for better practices in reptile care and consider the necessity of restricting the sale of such vulnerable animals in retail environments.

Addendum

The occurrence of severe cases of MBD should be preventable within a reptile community well-informed by evidence-based practices. This specific case was intended to serve as a cautionary tale regarding the mistreatment of reptiles in retail settings. In parallel to the rescue process, a report was filed with the Belgian Animal Inspection, with copies of the documentation sent to local law enforcement and the store manager. The Animal Inspection conducted a prompt investigation into the store, resulting in the manager ceasing the sale of reptiles and covering all associated costs.

Literature

McWilliams, D. A., & S. Leeson (2001): Metabolic Bone Disease in Lizards: Prevalence and Potential for Monitoring Bone Health. Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory Group Conference. Lake Buena Vista, Florida.

Nečas, P. (1999): Chameleons – Nature´s Hidden Jewels. Frankfurt/M. (Edition Chimaira), 348pp.

Hoby, S., Hartnack, S., Segner, H., & Liesegang, A. (2010): Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease in Juvenile Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and Its Prevention. Journal of Nutrition, 140(11), 1923–1931.

Fig. 1: X-ray of the freshly rescued male Chamaeleo calyptratus  with signs of acute advanced MBD. Photo: Nicole Gardenier.

Fig. 2: The freshly rescued male Chamaeleo calyptratus  with signs of acute advanced MBD. Photo: Nicole Gardenier.

Fig. 3: The male Chamaeleo calyptratus  in the process of recovery. Photo: Nicole Gardenier.

Fig. 4: The male Chamaeleo calyptratus  in the process of recovery. Photo: Nicole Gardenier.

Fig. 5: The freshly recovered male Chamaeleo calyptratus  with signs of significant improvement. Photo: Nicole Gardenier.